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RT–11 Commands ManualOrder Number AA–PDU0A–TCAugust 1991This manual tells you how to use RT–11 DCL commands. If you are unfamiliar with RT–11,you shou

Convention Meaning/option1/option2Square brackets in an option summary surrounding twoor more options mean that you can specify any one ofthe enclosed

COPYThe /DEVICE and /POSITION options are mutually exclusive./DOSTransfers files between RSTS/E or DOS–11 format and RT–11 format. /DOSrequires the FIL

COPYThe following command copies diskette DU1 to DU2 as the file FLOPPY.BAK:.COPY/DEVICE/FILES DU1: DU2:FLOPPY.BAKThe next command copies the file MYWOR

COPY/INTERCHANGE[:size]Transfers data in interchange format between interchange diskettes that arecompatible with IBM 3741 format and RT–11 block-repl

COPYRT–11 continues to copy files from that directory segment until no more filesfrom that segment will fit on the output volume or until all files from t

COPYan operation at the point you specify. For all operations, omitting the valueargument has the same effect as setting value equal to 0 (value is in

COPYValue OperationIf the handler finds the sequence number value, it creates a newlogical end-of-tape. If there are any files with a sequence numbergre

COPY/[NO]QUERY/QUERY makes RT–11 request confirmation before it performs the operation./QUERY is useful on operations that involve wildcards, when you

COPYThe following command copies only those MAC files on DK created on or afterFebruary 24, 1991:.COPY/SINCE:24:FEB:91 *.MAC DU0:*.MACFiles copied:DK:A

COPYIf you use the /WAIT option with /TOPS, you must use two device drives for theoperation.The following command copies in ASCII format all the files

COPY3. If one of the drives you used contained the system volume, prompts you toremount the system volume.A One-Drive COPY/WAIT OperationIf you are us

Associated DocumentsBasic Books• Introduction to RT–11• Guide to RT–11 Documentation• PDP–11 Keypad Editor User’s Guide• PDP–11 Keypad Editor Referenc

CREATE(DUP)Creates or extends a file with a specific name, location, and size on the random-accessvolume you specify.FormatCREATE filespecFilespec Option

CREATEsure that there is enough unused space on the volume for the size you specify(use the DIRECTORY/FULL command to do this).Procedure for Extending

D (Deposit)(KMON)Deposits octal values in memory, beginning at the location you specify.FormatD address= [ value[,...value] ]ParameteraddressSpecifies

D (Deposit)3. The D command deposits 3705 into location 1000:.D 1000=37054. The B command sets the relocation base to 1000:.B 10005. The D command put

DATE(KMON)Sets or displays the current system date.FormatDATE [dd-mmm-yy]Parameterdd-mmm-yydd represents the day (a decimal number from 1 to 31), mmm

DEASSIGN(KMON)Disassociates a logical device name from a physical device name.FormatDEASSIGN [logical-device-name]Parameterlogical-device-nameSpecifies

DEASSIGN6. You cannot DEASSIGN BA or SY; for example, the following command producesthe indicated error message:.DEASSIGN SY:?KMON-F-Invalid command64

DELETE(PIP, FILEX, and QUEMAN)Deletes the files you specify.FormatDELETE filespec1[,filespec2,...]RT–11 Command Options/BEFORE[:date]/SINCE[:date]/DATE[:

DELETEyou to use the /SYSTEM option when you need to delete system files and you usewildcards in an input file type. However, if you specify SYS as an i

DELETEThe following command deletes all SAV files on DU1 that were created beforeMarch 20, 1991:.DELETE/LOG/BEFORE:20:MAR:91 DU1:*.SAVFiles deleted:DY0

xii

DELETE/INFORMATIONChanges the severity level of the error message that displays when not all of theinput files you specified are found. If you do not us

DELETESequence-Number OperationA positiveintegerRT–11 starts from the magtape’s present position and searchesfor the file you specify. If RT–11 does no

DELETEThe following command deletes all SAV files on DU1 that were created on orafter March 20, 1991:.DELETE/LOG/SINCE:20:MAR:91 DU1:*.SAVFiles deleted

DIBOL(DIBOL)Invokes the DIBOL compiler to compile one or more source programs.FormatDIBOL filespec[s]Command Options/ALPHABETIZE/BUFFERING/CROSSREFEREN

DIBOLfile specification apply only to the file (or group of files separated by plus signs)they follow in the command string.The DIBOL–11 Language Referenc

DIBOLThe /LIST option has different meanings depending on where you place it in thecommand line. The /LIST option produces a listing on the line print

DIBOLRemember that file options apply only to the file (or group of files that areseparated by plus signs) they follow in the command string. For example

DIBOL/TABLESGenerates a symbol table and label table as part of the listing. This informationis useful for program maintenance and debugging. Note tha

DIFFERENCES(BINCOM and SRCCOM)Compares two files and lists the differences between them.FormatDIFFERENCES 1st-filespec[s] 2nd-filespec[s]Command Options

DIFFERENCESParameters1st-filespec[s]Specifies the first file to be compared.2nd-filespec[s]Specifies the second file to be compared.The default output device

New and Changed FeaturesThis manual is a revised edition of the RT–11 System User’s Guide. The name hasbeen changed, since some introductory and utili

DIFFERENCESlists the differences on the terminal (or sends the differences to an output file if oneis specified). RT–11 then searches DU0 for more files

DIFFERENCES• In line 14, the first file has the variable radamg, while the second file has thevariable radang.Example 1: FORTRAN File with Errors (EXAMP.

DIFFERENCESThe following is the contents of the differences file EXAMP.DIF:1) DK:EXAMP.ONE2) DK:EXAMP.TWO**********1)1 if (ABS( x) .lt. 1.0) go to 101)

DIFFERENCESallocate. The meaningful range for this value is from -1 to 65527. A valueof -1 is a special case that creates the largest file possible on

DIFFERENCESooo specifies the octal offset within the block that contains thedifference.ffffff specifies the value in the first file you are comparing.ssss

DIFFERENCES/[NO]COMMENTS/COMMENTS includes in the file comparison all assembly-language commentsfound in the two files. (Comments are preceded by a semi

DIFFERENCES/SIPP:filespecUsed with the /BINARY option to produce a file that you can use as an inputcommand file to the save-image patch program (SIPP),

DIRECTORY(DIR)Lists information you request about a device, a file, or a group of files.The DIRECTORY command runs the DIR utility for RT–11 directories

DIRECTORYCommand Options for Interchange Directories/BRIEF/DOS/OWNER:[nnn,nnn]/WAIT/INTERCHANGE/WAIT/TOPS/WAIT/FAST/OUTPUT:filespec/ALLOCATE:size/PRINT

DIRECTORYwhere:dd specifies the day (a decimal integer in the range 1–31).mmm specifies the first three characters of the name of the month.yy specifies t

• For RT–11 procedural information; that is, for how to do general tasks with RT–11, see the Introduction to RT–11.• For how to create IND control file

DIRECTORY/BEFORE[:date]Displays a directory of files created before the date you specify. The followingcommand lists on the terminal all files stored on

DIRECTORY/COLUMNS:valueLists a directory in a specific number of columns. The value argument specifies aninteger in the range 1–9. Normally, RT–11 uses

DIRECTORY/DOSLists the directory of a device that is in RSTS/E or DOS–11 format. The onlyother options valid with /DOS are /BRIEF, /FAST, /OWNER, and

DIRECTORYThe following example lists the entire directory for device DU1:.DIRECTORY/FULL DU1:15-Feb-91RT11XM.SYS 123P 31-Oct-90 SWAP .SYS 28P 31-Oct-9

DIRECTORYCategory FunctionDATE Sorts the directory chronologically by creation date. Files that havethe same date are sorted alphabetically by file nam

DIRECTORY.DIRECTORY/ORDER:SIZE DU1:15-Feb-91MEMO1 .TXT 2 15-Feb-91 SWAP .SYS 28P 31-Oct-90MEMO3 .TXT 2 15-Feb-91 PIP .SAV 30P 31-Oct-90DU .SYS 10P 31-

DIRECTORYA P next to the block size number of a file’s directory entry indicates that the fileis protected from deletion (see PROTECT, RENAME/PROTECTION

DIRECTORYThe following example lists the summary of the directory for device DK:.DIRECTORY/SUMMARY14-Mar-9144 Files in segment 146 Files in segment 43

DIRECTORYTo continue the operation, mount your input volume and type YRETURN. Type NRETURNor pressCTRL/Cto abort the operation and return control to t

DISMOUNT(KMON)Disassociates a logical-disk unit from a file.FormatDISMOUNT logical-disk-unitParameterlogical-disk-unitSpecifies the logical-disk unit th

Part IUsing RT–11 CommandsPart I describes how to use DCL commands. RT–11 DCL (Digital CommandLanguage) commands are also called KMON (Keyboard Monito

DUMP(DUMP)Displays on the terminal or printer, or writes to a file all or any contiguous part ofa file in octal words, octal bytes, ASCII characters, or

DUMP• If you are dumping a file, the block numbers you specify are relative to thebeginning of that file. If you are dumping a device, the block numbers

DUMPThe second listing includes the two options /WORDS (specifying octal words) and/BYTES (specifying octal bytes). If you do not include the /WORDS o

DUMP13-Feb-91MEMO1 .TXT 1 13-Feb-91 MEMO2 .TXT 6 13-Feb-912 Files, 7 Blocks779 Free blocksThe preceding directory listing contains two files. If you ex

DUMPOptions/ALLOCATE:sizeUse this option with /OUTPUT to reserve space on the device for the outputlisting file. The argument size represents the numbe

DUMP/START:valueSpecifies a starting block number for the dump. RT–11 dumps the device or file,beginning at the block number you specify with /START and

E (Examine)(KMON)Displays in octal the contents of an address on the terminal.FormatE address1[-address2]ParameteraddressSpecifies an octal address tha

E (Examine)Examples1. This command displays the contents of location 1000, assuming the relocationbase is 0:.E 10001274012. This command sets the relo

EDIT(EDIT, KED, KEX, TECO)Runs a text editor for creating or modifying ASCII files.FormatEDIT filespecCommand Options Filespec Options/EDIT/KED/KEX/[NO]

EDITTECO is not distributed or supported by Digital; many of the options described heredo not apply to the TECO editor.Default EditorKED is the defaul

EDITcase that creates the largest file possible on the device. The following commandcreates a file on device DU1 and allocates all the space available o

EDITThe default device for a journal file is the DK device or a device you specify onthe command line. See customization patch 65 in the RT–11 Installa

EDITcommand. That is, RT–11 looks for a file having a JOU file type and the samename as the file you specify with the EDIT command. For example, in execu

EXECUTE(DIBOL, CREF, F77, F77XM, FORTRA, LINK, and MACRO)Invokes one or more language processors, compiles or assembles source files, andthen links and

EXECUTECommand Options Filespec Options/MACRO/CROSSREFERENCE[:type[:type...]]/DISABLE:type[:type...]/ENABLE:type[:type...]/[NO]SHOW:type[:type...]Para

EXECUTEChoosing a Language ProcessorYou can specify a language processor with the EXECUTE command in any of thefollowing three ways:• Specify a langua

EXECUTEOptions/ALLOCATE:sizeUsed with /EXECUTE, /LIST, /MAP, or /OBJECT, reserves space on the devicefor the output file. The argument size represents

EXECUTE/DEBUG[:filespec]Links ODT (On-Line Debugging Technique, described in the RT–11 SystemUtilities Manual) with your program to help you debug it.

EXECUTEBecause the EXECUTE command creates executable files by default, thefollowing two commands have the same meaning:.EXECUTE MYPROG.EXECUTE/EXECUTE

EXECUTESee the description of the LINK utility in the RT–11 System Utilities Manual fora load-map example that includes a global symbol cross-referenc

Chapter 1How to Use DCL CommandsThis chapter explains how to use DCL commands. For more information, use theon-line INDEX or the RT–11 Master Index, o

EXECUTE/LINKLIBRARY:filespecIncludes the library file name you specify as an object module library during thelinking operation. Repeat the option if you

EXECUTEThis command also compiles B.FOR, producing B.OBJ. However, it does notproduce any listing file for the compilation of B.FOR. After compiling A.

EXECUTEinclude messages, flags, and conditional branches to help you trace programexecution and find an error./[NO]OPTIMIZE(FORTRAN–77 only) /OPTIMIZE e

EXECUTE/[NO]RUN/RUN initiates execution of your program if there are no errors in the compilationor the link. This is the default operation. Do not us

EXECUTE/TRACE:type(FORTRAN–77 only) Enables the FORTRAN–77 /S:xxx option. This controls thegeneration of code used by the OTS during error traceback.

FORMAT(FORMAT)• Formats some disks and diskettes by writing headers to each block in a volume.• Verifies that blocks on disks and diskettes can be read

FORMATWhen to Format a DeviceFormatting is advisable under the following circumstances:• When you receive a new RK05 disk from Digital.• When you wish

FORMATChecking Foreground Before FormattingIf you try to format a volume while a foreground job is loaded, RT–11 displays themessage:Foreground Loaded

FORMATsurface, while the surface of the RX50 diskette is brown. The difference is apparentwhen you compare them.CAUTIONDo not format RX50 diskettes in

FORMATOptions/PATTERN[:value]Used with /VERIFY[:ONLY], specifies which 16-bit patterns you want RT–11 touse when it verifies the volume. The optional ar

How to Type a Command with Its Parameter(s)If you do not correctly type a command with its parameter(s), you can get partialexecution of the command (

FORMATAfter it completes verification, RT–11 displays at the terminal each bad block itfound during each verification pass. The format of the verificatio

FORMAT/VERIFY writes a bit pattern to each block on a volume and then reads thatpattern. After the verification procedure is complete, RT–11 displays a

FORTRAN(FORTRA.SAV, F77.SAV, F77XM.SAV)Invokes a FORTRAN (FORTRAN IV or FORTRAN–77) compiler to compile one ormore source programs.The default FORTRAN

FORTRANParameterfilespec[s]Specifies one or more files to be included in the compilation.The default input file type for a source file is FOR. The default

FORTRANOptions/ALLOCATE:sizeUsed with /LIST or /OBJECT, reserves space on the device for the output file. Theargument size specifies the number of block

FORTRAN/F77Overrides any SET FORTRA conditional and calls the appropriate FORTRAN–77compiler./HEADER(FORTRAN IV only) Includes in the printout a list

FORTRANThe next command creates a listing file called MYPROG.LST on DU1:.FORTRAN/LIST:DU1: MYPROG• To include your own listing-file name, specify the na

FORTRANWith this option you can include messages, flags, and conditional branches tohelp you trace program execution and find an error./[NO]OPTIMIZE(FOR

FORTRANFORTRAN–77 Listing OptionsType Code Option Listing0 Minimal listing; diagnostics and program section summary only1 Source listing and program s

FORTRAN/UNITS:valueSpecifies the decimal number of FORTRAN logical units to be open at one time.The default is 6.With FORTRAN IV, the maximum value you

How to Type a Command with Its Parameter(s)Conventions Used to Describe File SpecificationsYou name or specify a file with a file specification, called a

FRUN(KMON)Initiates foreground jobs on multi-job monitors. See also R, RUN, SRUN, V/VRUN.FormatFRUN filespecFilespec Options/BUFFER:value/NAME:name/PAU

FRUN— When you are finished running your foreground job so that the memoryreserved for it is freed for your background use.FRUN Runs REL or SAV JobsNot

FRUNR Specifies the maximum formatted sequential record length. Thisvalue is specified when the compiler is built and can be overriddenwith the /RECORD

FRUN/PAUSEHelps you debug a program. When you pressRETURNat the end of the commandstring, RT–11 displays the load address of your program and waits. Y

GET(KMON)Loads a memory image file into memory.FormatGET filespecParameterfilespecSpecifies the memory image file to be loaded. The default file type is SAV

HELP(HELP)Displays concise DCL command descriptions with examples.FormatHELP [ topic [subtopic[:item[:item...] ] ] ]Command Options/TERMINAL/PRINTERPa

HELPitemSpecifies one member of the subtopic group. For example, the following gives youa brief explanation of the /ALPHABETIZE option for the DIRECTOR

HELPSEMANTICSAll numeric values are decimal; mmm represents thefirst three characters of the name of the month. UnderRTEM-11, the current date cannot

INITIALIZE(DUP and FILEX)Writes an RT–11 empty device directory on the specified volume.INITIALIZEdevice:)RT–11 Command Options/BADBLOCKS[:RETAIN]/FILE

INITIALIZEProtected FilesIf the volume you are initializing has protected files, RT–11 always requestsconfirmation as in the following example:.INITIALI

First Printing, August 1991The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed asa commitment by Digital

Issuing CommandsA prompt character, a period at the left margin of the terminal screen or printer,appears whenever KMON is ready for you to type a com

INITIALIZEIf the volume being initialized contains bad blocks, RT–11 displays the locationsof the bad blocks in octal and in decimal, as in the follow

INITIALIZE/REPLACE[:RETAIN]If you have an RK06, RK07, RL01, or RL02 disk, use this option to scan a diskfor bad blocks. If RT–11 finds any bad blocks,

INITIALIZEprompting ends and any blocks not placed in the replacement table are markedas FILE.BAD.If you enterRETURNat any time, RT–11 places all bad

INITIALIZEDeviceDecimal Number ofSegments in DirectoryDL (RL01) 16DL (RL02) 31DM (RK06/07) 31DU (Winchester disks) 31DU (Diskettes) 1RK (RK05) 16The n

INITIALIZE/WAITThe /WAIT option is useful if you have a single-disk system. When you use thisoption to initialize a volume, RT–11 begins the procedure

INSTALL(KMON)Enters the device you specify into the monitor’s internal tables.FormatINSTALL device[,device,...]ParameterdeviceSpecifies the device or d

INSTALLFor example, if you want to install the LP device, RT–11 seaches for the fileSY:LP.SYS when installing LP on an unmapped monitor, and RT–11 sear

LIBRARY(LIBR)Lets you create, update, modify, list, and maintain library files.FormatLIBRARY library input-filesCommand Options Input-File Options/EXTRA

LIBRARYDescriptionThe default operation, if you do not specify an option, is /INSERT.The LIBRARY command:• Creates, updates, modifies, lists, and maint

LIBRARYExecution and Prompting Sequence of LIBRARY OptionsThe following table lists the sequence in which RT–11 executes the LIBRARY optionsand prompt

If type-ahead input exceeds the input buffer capacity (usually 134 characters), theterminal bell rings and RT–11 accepts no characters until a program

LIBRARYOptions/ALLOCATE:sizeUse this option only with /LIST or /OBJECT to reserve space on the device forthe output file. The value size specifies the n

LIBRARYIf you enter a global symbol name and pressRETURN, RT–11 extracts the entiremodule of which that global symbol is a part. To terminate the sequ

LIBRARY/MACRO[:value]Creates a macro library. The optional value argument specifies the number ofmacro names that can be stored in the directory. The d

LIBRARYThe following example creates a macro library called MACLIB.MLB from seveninput files:.LIBRARY/MACRO/PROMPT MACLIB A,B,C,DRET*E,F,GRET*//RET/REM

LIBRARYthe library, RT–11 replaces those library modules. If the modules in the inputfile do not exist in the library, RT–11 inserts them.The following

LINK(LINK)Converts object modules into a format suitable for loading and execution.FormatLINK filespecsCommand Options/ALPHABETIZE/[NO]BITMAP/DEBUG[:fil

LINKThe default file types are as follows.File Type DescriptionSAV, REL (/FOREGROUND), LDA (/LDA) Load ModuleMAP Map OutputOBJ Object ModuleSTB Symbol

LINKOption Prompt/TRANSFER Transfer symbol?/STACK Stack symbol?/EXTEND:value[:type] Extend section?Extend instruction section?Extend data section?/BOU

LINK/NOBITMAP causes the I and D space bitmaps to be suppressed. The absenceof /NOBITMAP causes both I and D space bitmaps to be generated. One cannot

LINKWhen you have entered the complete LINK command, LINK prompts you for thename of the section whose starting address you need to modify.• If you do

Abbreviating Command LinesYou can abbreviate DCL commands, command options, and command parameters.Abbreviating Commands and OptionsYou can abbreviate

LINKWhen you have entered the complete LINK command, LINK prompts you for thenames of the global symbols in the library module you want to duplicate.

LINKWhen you have entered the complete LINK command, LINK prompts you for thename of the program section you need to extend:• If you do not also use t

LINKThe /FOREGROUND[:stacksize] option is incompatible with the /IDSPACEoption./GLOBALGenerates a global symbol cross-reference section in the load ma

LINKWhen you have entered the complete LINK command, LINK prompts you for alist of global symbols specifying object modules to include in the load mod

LINK• If you specify a file name, LINK gives the map listing file that name. In thefollowing command, LINK links PROG1 and PROG2, producing a map listin

LINKThe optional type argument to the /ROUND value can be DAS or INS and is usedonly if you also specify the /IDSPACE option. When specified with /IDSP

LINKSP to the contents of location 42. The value argument is an even, unsigned,six-digit octal number that defines the stack address.When you have ente

LINK/TRANSFER[:value]Lets you specify the transfer (start) address of the load module. The transferaddress is the address at which a program starts wh

LOAD(KMON)Copies a device handler from the system device into memory for use with foreground,background, system jobs, or BATCH.FormatLOAD device[=jobn

LOADWhen to Load a HandlerBefore you use a device in a foreground or system program, you must first load thedevice handler since foreground programs ca

Abbreviating Command LinesFactoring Multiple File SpecificationsIf you want to specify several files on the same device, you can use factoring. Thatis,

LOADUsing LOAD with Logical NamesLOAD is valid for use with logical names. For example:.ASSIGN DL: XY.LOAD XY:=FFinding the Status of Device HandlersU

MACRO(MACRO)Invokes the MACRO assembler to assemble one or more source files.FormatMACRO filespec[s]Command Options Input-File Options/CROSSREFERENCE[:t

MACRORT–11 displays on the terminal the number of errors MACRO detects during anassembly.The MACRO–11 Assembler Program chapter in the RT–11 System Ut

MACROSummary Listing of .DSABL and .ENABL TypesType Default What Is Enabled or DisabledABS Disable Absolute binary outputAMA Disable Assembly of all a

MACRO• To produce a listing on the printer, specify /LIST after the commandname. For example, the following command produces a printer listing afterco

MACROThese commands assemble A.MAC and produce A.OBJ as output.The /OBJECT option functions like the /LIST option; it can be either a commandoption or

MACROArgument Default ControlsSRC List Source codeSYM List Symbol tableTOC List Table of contentsTTM Line printer Wide or narrow listing format/NOSHOW

MOUNT(LD)Associates the logical-disk unit (LDn) you specify with the file you specify. Thisenables you to use a logical disk as if it were a physical d

MOUNTEven if you reboot the computer, an association (but not the logical name assignment)made with the MOUNT command is maintained until you change i

MOUNTNote: Be careful to avoid accidentally destroying files while performing logical-disk assigning. You can assign logical-disk unit numbers to both

Abbreviating Command Lines• Abbreviating File Specifications with Percent WildcardsYou can use the percent (%) wildcard to substitute for a single char

PRINT(PIP, QUEMAN, QUEUE, and SPOOL)Sends the contents of one or more files to the printer.FormatPRINT filespec[s]Command Options/BEFORE[:date]/SINCE[:d

PRINTIf QUEUE is not running, some PRINT options are invalid (as noted below).Likewise, some PRINT options are invalid if QUEUE is running. You should

PRINT/DATE[:date]Prints only those files with the specified creation date. If no date is specified,the current system date is used. The following command

PRINTmore information on QUEMAN and the /P option,see the Queue Package chapter in the RT–11 SystemUtilities Manual.If you are using the SPOOL utility

PRINTvolume, RT–11 copies each input file to a separate output file with the same filename and type as the input file. The job name is used only in the JO

PRINTIf you specify /QUERY in a PRINT command line that also contains a wildcardin the file specification, the confirmation messages that display on the

PROTECT(PIP)Protects a file so you cannot delete it until you remove the protection (see theUNPROTECT command).FormatPROTECT filespec[s]Command Options/

PROTECTIf you have selected timer support through the system generation process, but havenot selected automatic end-of-month date advancement, make su

PROTECThalts after the command is processed. When you use /INFORMATION, RT–11 displays an informational message to tell you which files it cannot find,

PROTECTThe following example protects three files and changes their dates to the currentsystem date:.PROTECT/SETDATE DU1:*.FORFiles protected:DU1:ABC.F

Editing Command LinesIf you make a typing mistake, you can correct it:• By pressing the DELETE key<xonce to delete the single character to the left

PROTECTRT–11 prompts you to mount the system volume until you type Y. RT–11 thendisplays the monitor prompt.The following example protects the file FIL

R(KMON)Loads and runs a program from the system volume or from the specified file-structured device. See also FRUN, RUN, SRUN, and V/VRUN.FormatR filespe

REENTER(KMON)Starts the program at its reentry address (the start address minus 2).FormatREENTERDescriptionThe REENTER command accepts no options or a

REMOVE(KMON)Removes a device name from the monitor’s system tables and, under a mappedmonitor, can be used to remove a global region.FormatREMOVExx:[,

REMOVEYou cannot remove a loaded device or any of the following handlers:SY (the handler for the system device)BA (the BATCH handler)MQ (the message q

RENAME(PIP)Assigns a new name to an existing file.FormatRENAME in-filespec[s] out-filespecCommand Options/BEFORE[:date]/SINCE[:date]/DATE[:date]/NEWFILES

RENAME• RT–11 requires you to use the /SYSTEM option to rename system files when youuse a wildcard in a file type. However, if you specify a SYS file typ

RENAME/DATE[:date]Renames only those files with a certain creation date. If no date is specified, thecurrent system date is used.The following command r

RENAMEa protected file. You can change a protected file’s name but not its protectedstatus, unless you also use the /NOPROTECTION option./NOPROTECTION u

RENAMEthe system places zeros in the directory entry date position. Normally, RT–11preserves the existing file creation date when it renames a file.The

Editing Command LinesBasic SL Editing of the Command Line (SET SL KMON,ON)Basic SL command-line editing, enabled with the SET SL KMON,ON command,gener

RENAMEAfter RT–11 completes the RENAME operation, RT–11 displays the followingmessage prompting you to mount the system volume:Mount system volume in

RESET(KMON)Initializes several background system tables and does a general cleanup of thebackground area.FormatRESETDescriptionThe RESET command accep

RESUME(KMON)Continues execution of a foreground or system job from the point at which aSUSPEND command was issued.FormatRESUME [jobname]Parameterjobna

RUN(KMON)Loads and runs a program from the default device DK, or from the specified file-structured device. See also FRUN, R, SRUN, and V/VRUN.FormatRUN

RUNautomatically converts the argument(s) you specify into a format that CSI accepts.See the RT–11 System Utilities Manual for a description of the CS

SAVE(KMON)Writes memory areas in memory-image format to the file and device that you specify.FormatSAVE filespec [memory-locations]ParametersfilespecSpec

SAVEIf you change the values of these locations, you must reset the locations to theirdefault values. For more information concerning these locations,

SET(KMON, device handler)Defines or changes characteristics of device or pseudodevice handlers and the valuesof some system parameters.FormatSET entity

SET• Program swapping on exit (SET EXIT)• IND and KMON handling of command and control files (SET KMON)How SET Commands WorkSET commands modify monitor

SETHowever, for those SET commands that do not permanently modify the devicehandlers, the conditions return to the default setting after a reboot. To

Creating Command, Control, and BATCH FilesRT–11 has three types of files that issue commands to the operating system:• Command files—with a default COM

SETTable 2 (Cont.): SET OptionsOption Type Parameter the Option SetsKMON T Command or control-file processing in response to the @command.LD[n]: P LD (

SET CLI(KMON)Enables or disables one or more command-line interpreters.FormatSET CLI interpreter1,interpreter2,...Command SummarySET CLI[NO]CCL[NO]DCL

SET CLI• If you have not enabled the UCF interpreter, the DCL command interpreter isthe first interpreter to look at a command (if it is enabled).If th

SET CLINote• The SET CLI command has no provision to safeguard against turning off all thecommand-line interpreters that it controls (DCL, CCL, UCL, a

SET CLINOUCL disables the UCL interpreter; if the interpreter is already disabled, it isleft off. No informational message is displayed.[NO]UCFUCF ena

SET CLOCK(KMON)Sets the frequency of the system clock.FormatSET CLOCK frequencyFrequency50Causes the system to use a 50-Hz line frequency clock rate.6

SET DL(DL)Sets the DL disk handler (RL01/RL02 disks).FormatSET DL conditionConditionCSR=nUses n as the CSR address for the DL handler. The valid range

SET DM(DM)Sets the DM disk handler (RK06/RK07 disks).FormatSET DM conditionConditionCSR=nUses n as the CSR address for the DM handler. The valid range

SET DU(DU)Sets the DU device handler (MSCP disks and diskettes).FormatSET DU conditionConditionCSR=nModifies the DU device handler to use n as the CSR

SET DUx(DU)Defines how an MSCP disk is partitioned.FormatSET DUx conditionConditionCSRy=n(Valid only if the handler is assembled for multiple ports) Mo

Creating Command, Control, and BATCH FilesUsing a Command File As a Command ParameterYou can abbreviate a command by supplying the at command (@) with

SET DW(DW)Sets the DW disk handler (RDxx disks).FormatSET DW conditionConditionRETRY=nSpecifies the number of times the device handler attempts to reco

SET DWCopy the DW handler to DV and use the SET DV SLOT=n command to support thePRO Expander. (Using device name DV is optional; you can use any devic

SET DX(DX)Sets the DX diskette handler (RX01 diskettes).FormatSET DX conditionConditionCSR=nUses n as the CSR address for the DX handler. The valid ra

SET DXx(DX)Sets the specified unit of the DX diskette handler (RX01 diskettes).FormatSET DXx conditionCondition[NO]WRITEWRITE, the default, write enabl

SET DY(DY)Sets the DY diskette handler (RX02 diskettes).FormatSET DY conditionConditionCSR=nUses n as the CSR address for the DY handler. The valid ra

SET DYx(DY)Sets the specified unit of the DY diskette handler (RX02 diskettes).FormatSET DYx conditionCondition[NO]WRITEWRITE, the default, write enabl

SET DZ(DZ)Sets the DZ diskette handler (RX50 diskettes for Professional 300 series).FormatSET DZ conditionConditionRETRY=nSpecifies the number of times

SET EDIT(KMON)Defines an editor as the default editor.FormatSET EDIT default-editorDefault-EditorEDITDefines EDIT.SAV to be the default text editor for

SET EL(KMON)Sets the Error Logger for single-job monitors.FormatSET EL conditionCondition[NO]LOGLOG turns on the Error Logger if the EL handler is loa

SET ERROR(KMON)Controls the severity level of failure that will abort a command file. See the UsingIndirect Command Files chapter in the Introduction t

A Sample Command FileThe following example command file is taken from Using the Virtual Memory (VM)Device As the System Device in the Introduction to R

SET EXIT(KMON)Selects whether or not SWAP.SYS is used on job exit.FormatSET EXIT conditionCondition[NO]SWAPSWAP, the default, enables the writing of a

SET FORTRA(KMON)Sets the default FORTRAN compiler.FormatSET FORTRA compilerCompilerF4Causes the FORTRAN IV compiler to be called by the COMPILE/FORTRA

SET KMON(KMON)Sets KMON to recognize IND (INDirect control-file processor) control files.FormatSET KMON conditionCondition[NO]INDIND causes IND.SAV to i

SET LD(LD)Sets the logical-disk subsetting handler.FormatSET LD conditionConditionCLEANVerifies and corrects, if necessary, all current logical-disk as

SET LDthrough 7, unless you have SYSGENed your system for extended-unit support.With extended-unit support the range of x is 0 through 328. NOWRITE af

SET LP(LP)Sets the line-printer handler.FormatSET LP conditionCondition[NO]BIT8BIT8 sets the LP handler to pass the eighth bit unaltered, but does not

SET LPterminal. You can use this mode for LS11 line printers. (Other line printersprint a space for a control character.)NOCTRL, the default, ignores

SET LPSKIP=nDefines the number of lines to skip at page break; causes the line printer handlerto send a form feed to the printer when it comes within n

SET LS(LS)Sets the serial-printer handler.FormatSET LS conditionCondition[NO]BIT8BIT8 sets the LS handler to pass the eighth bit unaltered, but does n

SET LSENDPAG=nSets the LS handler to append n number of form feedFFcharacters to the endof each file sent to the printer. If ENDPAG=0, the LS handler d

ContentsPreface ixNew and Changed Features xiiiPart I Using RT–11 CommandsChapter 1 How to Use DCL CommandsHow to Type a Command with Its Parameter(s)

A Sample Command FileTable 1–1 (Cont.): Files Needed to Make a Bootable VolumeFile DescriptionPIP.SAV File maintenance utilityDUP.SAV Disk maintenance

SET LSLENGTH=nDefines length of page, causing the printer to use n as the number of lines foreach page. The default number of lines for each page is 66

SET LSVECTOR=nModifies the printer handler to use n as the vector of the line printer controller.The value you supply for n must be an even octal addre

SET MODE(KMON)Sets or clears the obsolete FBMON$ bit in the configuration offset of the monitorfixed area to indicate the obsolete SJ monitor characteri

SET MM(MM)Sets the MM magtape handler (TJU16/TJE16/TU45/TJU77 magtapes).FormatSET MM conditionConditionCSR=nUses n as the CSR address for the MM handl

SET MS(MS)Sets the MS magtape handler (TK25/TS11/TSV05/TSU05/TU80 magtapes).FormatSET MS conditionConditionCSR=nModifies the MS handler to use n as the

SET MT(MT)Sets the MT magtape handler (TM11/TMA11/TS03/TE16 magtapes).FormatSET MT conditionConditionCSR=nUses n as the CSR address for the MT handler

SET MTVECTOR=nModifies the MT handler to use n as the vector address. The valid range for n is1008to 4748. This option enables you to set a special vec

SET MU(MU)Sets the MU magtape handler (TMSCP magtape devices).FormatSET MU conditionConditionCSR=nModifies the MU device handler to use n as the CSR ad

SET MUx(MU)Sets the specified unit of the MU magtape handler (TMSCP magtape devices).FormatSET MUx conditionConditionCSRy=n(Valid only if you create th

SET NC(NC)Sets the Ethernet handler for the Professional 300 series processor.FormatSET NC conditionConditionSHOWDisplays the station physical address

A Sample Control FileThe following control file restores files backed up into savesets on tape. This fileillustrates the complexity of control files. The

SET NL(NL)Sets the NULL handler.FormatSET NL conditionCondition[NO]SYSGENSYSGEN causes NL to match the current monitor’s SYSGEN parameters. IssueSET N

SET NQ(NQ)Sets the Ethernet handler for Q-bus processors.FormatSET NQ conditionConditionCSR=nUses n as a CSR address for the DEQNA or DELQA controller

SET NU(NU)Sets the Ethernet handler for UNIBUS processors.FormatSET NU conditionConditionCSR=nModifies the NU handler to use n as the CSR address. The

SET RK(RK)Sets the RK device handler (RK05 devices).FormatSET RK conditionConditionCSR=nUses n as the CSR address for the RK handler. The valid range

SET RUN(VBGEXE)Enables or disables VBGEXE (the virtual run utility) to automatically load andexecute programs in a completely virtual environment. See

SET SD(SD)Configures the DBG–11 SD handler.FormatSET SD conditionDescriptionSee the DBG–11 Symbolic Debugger User’s Guide for the listing and descripti

SET SL(SL)Sets the single-line (SL) command editor.FormatSET SL conditionDescriptionThe command-line editor enables you to edit, store, recall, and ma

SET SL(.) and monitor input requests. Use SET SL KMON as an alternative to SET SLON. Digital recommends that you use SET SL KMON.[NO]LEARNLEARN leaves

SET SLWhen SET SL TTYIN is enabled, the prompt displays on one line, and yourresponse appears on the following line. (This command allows SL to interc

SET SP(SP)Sets the spool handler.FormatSET SP conditionConditionEXITEXIT stops SPOOL in a synchronous manner. Use SET SP EXIT to stop SPOOLfrom within

Executing Command and Control Files• To execute a command file, type $@command-file and [email protected]• To execute a control file, type IND

SET SPx(SP)Sets the spool handler for the specified device or for all spooled devices if no deviceis specified.FormatSET SPx conditionConditionENDPAG=nE

SET SPxNEXTStops printing the current file on spooled device x and proceeds to the next filequeued to that device. If x is not specified, defaults to dev

SET ST(ST)Makes the SYSGEN configuration bits of the ST handler compatible with thecurrently running monitor.FormatSET ST conditionConditionSYSGENSYSGE

SET TT (TERMINAL)(TT)Sets the terminal handler. SET TERMINAL can be substituted for SET TT.FormatSET TT conditionConditionCONSOL=n(Requires multitermi

SET TT (TERMINAL)[NO]PAGE(Valid for multi-job monitors only) PAGE, the default, interpretsCTRL/Sas XOFFandCTRL/Qas XON to stop and start terminal outp

SET UB(UB)Sets the UB handler that supports UNIBUS mapping registers (UMR) hardware inUNIBUS processors.FormatSET UB conditionCondition[NO]INSTALINSTA

SET USR(KMON)Sets the state of USR (User Service Routine) swapping.FormatSET USR conditionCondition[NO]SWAPSWAP, the default, allows the background jo

SET VM(VM)Sets the VM (Virtual Memory) handler.FormatSET VM conditionConditionBASE=nnnnnnLets you select the location in memory where block 0 of a vir

SET WILD(KMON)Sets the monitor to recognize wildcards in file specifications.FormatSET WILD conditionConditionEXPLICITCauses RT–11 to recognize file spec

SET XC(XC)Sets the baud rate of the communication-port handler for Professional 300 seriesprocessor.FormatSET XC conditionConditionSPEED=nSets the com

How DCL Commands Interact with CSI CommandsIn addition to the DCL command language, RT–11 also has the CSI (CommandString Interpreter) command languag

SET XL(XL)Sets the communication-port handler for PDP–11 processors.FormatSET XL conditionConditionLINE=n(Valid with multiterminal support only) Modifi

SETUP(SETUP)Sets hardware characteristics for the terminal, printer, and system clock.FormatSETUP [hardware] mode[,mode...]ParametershardwareSpecifies

SETUPThe modes are of five types, depending on the hardware you want to modify andwhat you want done:Mode Type DescriptionClock Sets system clock.Contr

SETUPDescriptionThe SETUP program sets features (modes) of your terminal (video and hard-copy),printer, and system clock. These commands are especiall

SETUPTable 3 (Cont.): Summary of SETUP ModesMode Type DescriptionDARK Terminal Displays light characters on a darkbackground.DATA NationalReplacementS

SETUPTable 3 (Cont.): Summary of SETUP ModesMode Type DescriptionMONO Terminal Informs software that the terminal is ablack and white terminal (Profes

SETUPTable 3 (Cont.): Summary of SETUP ModesMode Type DescriptionUNDERSCORE Terminal Displays the cursor as an underscore(Professional only).UP Termin

SETUPA different form of the SETUP ANSWERBACK command must be used if youwant the message in lowercase letters, or if you want to embed returns in the

SETUP• Sets the ORIGIN mode to ABSOLUTE.• Sets wrap to OFF.• Sets CURSOR KEY mode to CURSOR ON.• Sets KEYPAD mode to NUMERIC.• Sets INSERT/REPLACE mod

SETUPColor assignment for text and background can be reversed by issuing SETUPLIGHT or SETUP DARK.[NO]COMPOSE(Valid for Professional 300 series proces

Defining Your Own CommandsYou can define your own commands or change the definition of existing commandsto use in place of DCL commands.The UCL (User Com

SETUPDENSESets your dot-matrix printer or hard-copy terminal to operate at 30 charactersa second. It overlaps two sets of dots for a close approximati

SETUP[NO]INTERLACEINTERLACE enables the screen to display high-resolution graphics.To use INTERLACE mode with the graphics utility (GIDIS), issue the

SETUPUnited Kingdom GBUnited States USASee Appendix C for further information on the NRC character set.LETTERSets the dot-matrix serial-line printer o

SETUP[NO]REPEATREPEAT, the default, sets a key to repeat at the rate of about 30 characters persecond when you press the key for more than 1/2 second.

SETUPThe Professional 350 has eight primary color values for GREEN and RED andfour values for BLUE. Primary color intensity changes with values 0, 2,

SETUPSHOW(Valid for Professional terminals only) Displays current SETUP mode settings onthe screen. For example, if the terminal is set for the origin

SETUPTIME[:hh:mm:ss]TIME, on a Professional 300 series processor or on a PDP–11 processor with aKDJ11–E clock, sets the specified time into the monitor

SETUP[NO]WRAPWRAP moves characters you type that exceed the right margin to the beginningof the following screen line.NOWRAP, the default, causes char

SHOW(RESORC)Lists on the console terminal information about the monitor configuration and theavailable hardware.FormatSHOW optionCommand OptionsALLCOMM

SHOW• Terminal characteristics for terminals currently active on a multiterminal system• Logical-disk subsetting• Device handler status• If you are ru

Chapter 2Using Special-Function KeysIn addition to DCL commands, you can use special-function keys to control theoperating system. These keys include:

SHOWAn Example Illustrating the Preceding MessagesThe following example was created under a multi-job unmapped monitor that hassystem-job support. It

SHOWPDP 11/23 PLUS Processor512KB of memoryExtended Instruction Set (EIS)Memory Management UnitParity Memory60 Hertz System ClockDevice I/O time-out s

SHOWJob Name Console Level State Low High Impure--- ---- ------- ----- ----- --- ---- ------0 RESORC 0 0 Run 000000 105142 121630No multi-terminal sup

SHOWCONFIGURATIONDisplays the monitor version number and update level, the monitor SET optionsin effect, the hardware configuration, the total amount o

SHOW— A separate line for each of the following items that is present on yoursystem:Extended arithmetic element (EAE)FP11 Hardware Floating Point Unit

SHOWPDP 11/23 PLUS Processor512KB of memoryExtended Instruction Set (EIS)Memory Management UnitParity Memory60 Hertz System ClockDevice I/O time-out s

SHOWThe following example illustrates the SHOW DEVICES command, first with aspecified device and then without a specification:.SHOW DEVICES:DLDevice Stat

SHOWcompiles, and can print the reports at the terminal, line printer, or store thereports in a file you specify. If you type the SET dd: NOSUCCESS com

SHOW• Start address of the job’s impure areaThe following example displays data about currently running jobs:.SHOW JOBSJOB NAME CONSOLE LEVEL STATE LO

SHOWThe next example shows the organization of physical memory when runningunder the XM monitor:.SHOW MEMORY------- Extended Memory --------Address Mo

Useful Control-Key SequencesThe following sections describe useful control-key sequences. To issue a control-key sequence, while pressing the CTRL key

SHOWThe QUEUE status report shows the output device, jobname, input files, jobstatus, and number of copies for each job that is queued. The next exampl

SHOWTERMINALSIndicates the status of and special features in effect for currently active terminalson multiterminal systems. If the monitor does not in

SHOWUMRDisplays information about the UMRs (UNIBUS mapping registers) if the UBpseudohandler is loaded, or information about why UB is not loaded. UNI

SQUEEZE(DUP)• Moves all permanent files into contiguous blocks toward the beginning of thespecified disk.• Consolidates directory entries.• Consolidates

SQUEEZEbefore and after BAD files until the space between the last file is moved and theBAD file is smaller than the next file to be moved.Squeezing the S

SQUEEZEType NRETURNor aCTRL/Cto abort the SQUEEZE operation and return controlto the monitor. Any other response causes the message to repeat.When the

SRUN(KMON)Initiates system jobs. See also FRUN, R, RUN, and V/VRUN.FormatSRUN filespecFilespec Options/BUFFER:value/LEVEL:value/NAME:[job-number/job-na

SRUNVBGEXE tries to find the save-image file on the system device. If it cannot find thefile there, it tries to find the save-image file on the default data

SRUN[25*INTSET] Specifies space for the number of INTSET calls issued in theprogram, which the INTSET function requires.[64+R/2] Specifies space for com

SRUNYou would then specify 6 in response to the system job prompt (Job?) to callVTCOM. The SHOW JOBS command would display the job 6.If you attempt to

Useful Control-Key Sequencesexists, the monitor displays an error message (F?). Otherwise, control remainswith the foreground job until redirected to

START(KMON)Initiates execution of the program currently in memory (loaded with the GETcommand) at the address you specify.Note that the START command

SUSPEND(KMON)Temporarily stops execution of the foreground or system job.FormatSUSPEND [jobname]ParameterjobnameIf you have system-job support enabled

TIME(KMON)Sets or displays the time of day.FormatTIME [hh:mm:ss]Parameterhh:mm:ssSpecifies the hours, minutes, and sections, where:hh specifies the hour

TYPE(PIP)Displays the contents of one or more files on the terminal.FormatTYPE filespec[s]Command Options/BEFORE[:date]/SINCE[:date]/DATE[:date]/NEWFILE

TYPEwhere:dd specifies the day (a decimal integer in the range 1–31.)mmm specifies the first three characters of the name of the month.yy specifies the ye

TYPEThe following example displays a BASIC program on the terminal, then deletesit from DU1:.TYPE/DELETE DU1:PROG1.BAS/INFORMATIONChanges the severity

TYPEYou must respond to a query message by typing Y (or any string beginning withY)RETURNto initiate execution of an operation. RT–11 interprets any o

UNLOAD(KMON)• Removes previously loaded handlers from memory, thus freeing the memoryspace they occupied.• Removes terminated foreground or system job

UNLOADExamples1. This command unloads the foreground job and frees the memory it occupied. Thecommand is valid only if the foreground job is not runni

UNPROTECT(PIP)Removes a file’s protected status so that you can delete the file.FormatUNPROTECT filespec[s]Command Options/BEFORE[:date]/SINCE[:date]/DAT

Useful Control-Key Sequencesbackground job (withCTRL/B), the foreground job (withCTRL/F), or another systemjob (withCTRL/X), or a higher priority job

UNPROTECTmmm specifies the first three characters of the name of the month.yy specifies the year (a decimal integer in the range 73–99).The default value

UNPROTECT/EXCLUDERemoves protection from all the files on a device except the ones you specify. Thefollowing command, for example, removes protection f

UNPROTECTYou must respond to a query message by typing Y (or any string beginning withY)RETURNto initiate execution of a particular operation. RT–11 i

UNPROTECTIf you specify a SYS file type, you do not need to specify the /SYSTEM option toUNPROTECT system files./WAITInitiates the UNPROTECT operation b

V/VRUNRuns a program as a completely virtual job. This means the job runs as a backgroundjob in a pseudo unmapped-monitor environment, often enabling

V/VRUNIf you issue the SET RUN VBGEXE command, then:• If you use R or RUN (or V or VRUN) and the job or environment is valid forrunning under VBGEXE,

Appendix ASL Command-Line Editing FunctionsA.1 Basic SL FunctionsTable A–1 lists the keypad and keyboard keys you can use with basic command-lineediti

Table A–1 (Cont.): Basic SL Command-Line Editing FunctionsKey FunctionMoves the cursor toward the end of a command line. ThePF1combination moves the c

Table A–2: KED Keypad SL Command-Line Editing FunctionsKey FunctionPF1Changes the function of other keys when used incombination with them. Also refer

Chapter 3Using Files, Volumes, and DevicesMost DCL commands work with files stored on volumes in devices. The followingsections summarize information y

A.3 Summary of SL FunctionsThe following tables summarize SL’s full editing capabilities with a mapped monitor.General Editing FunctionsCommand or Key

Key FunctionPF1together with Moves the cursor to the beginning of the command line.PF1together withor Keypad2Moves the cursor to the end of the preced

A–6 RT–11 Commands Manual

Appendix BPrinter Support for the SETUP CommandThe printers in the following tables are organized in alphabetical order under thesection headers.B.1 U

Table B–2: Uniform SETUP Modes and Controls for LA324, LA1100, and LA2100PrintersModes andControls LA324 LA1100 LA2100[NO]BOLD Yes Yes YesCLEAR Yes Ye

Table B–3 (Cont.): Uniform SETUP Modes for LG01, LG02, LJ250, LN03, andLQP02 PrintersModes andControls LG01 LG02 LJ250 LN03 LQP02PAGELENGTH Yes Yes Ye

Table B–5: Nonuniform SETUP Modes and Controls for LA324, LA1100, andLA2100 PrintersModes andControls LA324 LA1100 LA2100DENSE Letter ModeHigh Density

Appendix CNational Replacement Character SetsC.1 National Replacement Character Set ModesThe SETUP program lets you set modes for national replacement

C.2.2 Composing Characters Using Dead Diacritical KeysDead diacritical keys are used to compose characters. Dead diacritical keys are usedonly with ot

On Keyboard Data Indicates whether or not the character created bythe compose sequence is on the keyboard in DATAmode.Type Inidicates whether or not t

Part II RT–11 Command DescriptionsABORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Using Storage DevicesTable 3–1 (Cont.): Physical-Device NamesName Device SpecifiedDYn: RX02 disketteDZn: RX50 diskette (Professional 300 series)EL: Sin

C.3.1 North American KeyboardLanguage Code: AUS, CDNE, NZ, or USA.Table C–1: North American KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" spac

C.3.2 United Kingdom KeyboardTable C–2: United Kingdom KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" space " Y Y# + + Y Y’ space ’ Y Y@ a

C.3.3 Belgian or French Language KeyboardLanguage Code: B or FTable C–3: Belgian or French Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type&qu

C.3.4 Canadian (French) Language KeyboardLanguage Code: CDNFTable C–4: Canadian (French) Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type"

C.3.5 Danish Language KeyboardLanguage Code: DKTable C–5: Danish Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" space " Y Y# + +

C.3.6 Finnish Language KeyboardLanguage Code: SFTable C–6: Finnish Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" space " Y Y# +

C.3.7 German Language KeyboardLanguage Code: A or DTable C–7: German Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" space " Y Y#

C.3.8 Dutch Language KeyboardLanguage Code: NLTable C–8: Dutch Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" space " Y Y# + + Y

C.3.9 Italian Language KeyboardLanguage Code: ITable C–9: Italian Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" space " Y Y# + +

C.3.10 Norwegian Language KeyboardLanguage Code: NTable C–10: Norwegian Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" space " Y

Using Storage DevicesSpecifying the RT–11 Default Logical-Device NamesRT–11 has two built-in logical-device names:• System (SY)Specifies the system dev

C.3.11 Spanish Language KeyboardLanguage Code: SP or ETable C–11: Spanish Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" space "

C.3.12 Swedish Language KeyboardLanguage Code: STable C–12: Swedish Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" space " Y Y# +

C.3.13 Swiss (French) Language KeyboardLanguage Code: CHFTable C–13: Swiss (French) Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" spa

C.3.14 Swiss (German) Language KeyboardLanguage Code: CHDTable C–14: Swiss (German) Language KeyboardOn KeyboardCharacter Sequence Data Type" spa

C–18 RT–11 Commands Manual

IndexAABORT command, 1Absolute addressesassigning, 164Absolute Binary Loadercreating files for, 171/ALLOCATECOMPILE command option, 33COPY command opti

BAD files (Cont.)renaming, 204Banner pagespreceding files with, 190suppressing printing of, 191B command, 6/BEFORECOPY command option, 45DELETE command

Command lineeditor (Cont.)loading and enabling, 265matching SYSGEN characteristics for,265interpreterCCL, 219DCL, 219disabling/enabling, 219UCF, 219UC

COMPILE command/NOSHOW option (Cont.)and MACRO .LIST directive, 39/NOSWAP option, 39/NOVECTORS option, 39/NOWARNINGS option, 40/OBJECT option, 37/ONDE

CTRL/Odisabling, 209, 272enabling, 271suppressing/reenabling terminal display,2–3CTRL/Qresuming terminal display, 2–3CTRL/Sdisabling, 272enabling, 271

Using Logical DisksYou can subset your physical disks into smaller logical disks to group together similarfiles in one place or if you have a large dis

Devices (Cont.)default logical names, 3–3file-structured, 3–5installing into the system, 153nonfile-structured, 3–5physical device names (table), 3–1ran

DIRECTORY command (Cont.)/PRINTER option, 93/PROTECTION option, 93/REVERSE option, 94/SINCE option, 94/START option, 94/SUMMARY option, 94/TERMINAL op

EDIT command (Cont.)/NOCOMMAND option, 108/NOQUERY option, 109/OUTPUT option, 109/QUERY option, 109/READONLY option, 109/RECOVER option, 109/TECO opti

EXECUTE command (Cont.)/UNITS option, 122/VECTORS option, 122/WARNINGS option, 122/WIDE option, 122/WORKFILE option, 122/EXTENDCOMPILE command option,

Foreground jobs (Cont.)creating executable files for, 169debugging, 140FORTRANrunning, 139running, 138and reserving memory for, 139suspending, 319with

/HEADER (Cont.)EXECUTE command option, 117FORTRAN command option, 132HELP command, 143/PRINTER option, 144/TERMINAL option, 144II/O channelsopenpurgin

L/LDALINK command option, 171LDA filescreating, 171/LEVELSRUN command option, 316/LIBRARYCOMPILE command option, 35EXECUTE command option, 117LINK comm

LINK command (Cont.)/SYMBOLTABLE option, 174/TOP option, 174/TRANSFER option, 174/WIDE option, 175/XM option, 175/LINKLIBRARYEXECUTE command option, 1

Magtapes (Cont.)bootablehow to create, 148copying with /FILES, 48copying with /POSITION, 51deleting files from, 68obtaining directory listings of, 93re

/NOREPLACE (Cont.)COPY command option, 54RENAME command option, 206/NOREWINDBACKUP command option, 22/NORUNEXECUTE command option, 121/NOSCANBACKUP co

Understanding Device StructuresRT–11 devices are categorized according to two characteristics:• How devices process information• How devices are physi

/PAUSEFRUN command option, 140SRUN command option, 317/POSITIONCOPY command option, 51DELETE command option, 68DIRECTORY command option, 93/PREDELETEC

PROTECT command (Cont.)/NEWFILES option, 196/NOLOG option, 196/QUERY option, 196/SETDATE option, 196/SINCE option, 197/SYSTEM option, 197/WAIT option,

RSTS/E format files (Cont.)deleting, 67obtaining a directory of, 89/RUNEXECUTE command option, 120LINK command option, 172RUN command, 211Running progr

SETUP command (Cont.)ANSWERBACK, 284BCD, 285BLOCK, 285BOLD, 285CAPS, 285CLEAR, 285CLICK, 286CLOCK, 286COLOR, 286[COLOR1] [ON COLOR2], 286132COLUMNS, 2

/SINCE (Cont.)UNPROTECT command option, 330/SINGLEDENSITYFORMAT command option, 128Single-line editor, 264basic functions, A–1function summary, A–4key

/SYSTEM (Cont.)BACKUP command option, 25COPY command option, 55DELETE command option, 70PROTECT command option, 197RENAME command option, 207UNPROTECT

UNPROTECT command (Cont.)/LOG option, 329/NEWFILES option, 329/NOLOG option, 329/QUERY option, 329/SETDATE option, 330/SINCE option, 330/SYSTEM option

Understanding Device StructuresTable 3–2 shows the relationships among devices, access methods, and structures.Table 3–2: Device StructuresStructureDe

Specifying FilesYou specify files by using a name of one to six alphanumeric characters (followed,optionally, by a period and a file type of up to three

Specifying FilesTable 3–3 (Cont.): Standard File TypesType MeaningDDF DIBOL data fileDEV SYSGEN device handler build fileDIF BINCOM or SRCCOM difference

Specifying FilesTable 3–3 (Cont.): Standard File TypesType MeaningSOU Temporary source file generated by BATCHSTB Symbol table file in object format, co

How Data Is Stored in FilesRT–11 stores data in several different binary codes. These codes are of two majortypes:• Text-file code• Nontext-file codeTex

How Data Is Stored in Files— LDA FilesLoad-image (LDA) files are ones that you can produce, load, and execute instand-alone environments without reloca

SET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215SET CLI . . . . . . . . .

Part IIRT–11 Command DescriptionsPart II is an alphabetical listing of RT–11 keyboard monitor commands, mostof which are DCL commands.Each command des

ABORT(KMON)Lets you abort from the shared console any foreground or system job not protectedby the .SCCA programmed request.FormatABORT jobnameParamet

ASSIGN(KMON)Associates the logical name you specify with a physical device or a previously definedlogical-device name.FormatASSIGN device-name: logical

ASSIGNThe ASSIGN command is helpful when you have a program that refers to anunavailable device. In this case, you can use the ASSIGN command to direc

ASSIGNPhysical device references are in the form of ddn or dd or, in the case of the extended-device units, d or dnn.Use of the Catch-All DeviceThe de

ASSIGN3. The following example is typical for a system that uses a dual-drive diskettedevice. Several users can share the same system software on DY0

B (Base)(KMON)Sets a relocation base used to calculate the address of the location to be referencedin a subsequent Examine or Deposit command. RT–11 a

BACKUP(BUP)• Backs up and restores RT–11 files or volumes in saveset or logical-disk files.• Initializes backup volumes when needed.• Verifies backed-up

SET XL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278SETUP . . . . . . . . . . .

BACKUPand the /SAVESET option (the default). Unless you specify the /SUBSET option,BACKUP presumes it is working with a saveset.Each saveset is the re

BACKUPNote:• You must copy to a saveset even when you are backing up a volume.A saveset can be thought of as a container that holds one or more files o

BACKUPFour Distinct BACKUP Command OperationsYou can use the BACKUP command to do the following four operations:• Back up data into a saveset or subse

BACKUPYou can use wildcards to back up all files of a particular name or type, or to back upall files (*.*), which is the default.Examples1. The followi

BACKUPA Saveset Containing Several Logical−Disk FilesSaveset Directory Saveset File with DirectoryLogical−Disk Filewith Own DirectoryLogical−Disk File

BACKUPIf you specify no output file name, BUP uses the three-character mnemonicof the input device (for example, DU1). The default output file type is B

BACKUP1. Listing a directory of savesets on a backup volumeYou use the same command format to get backup volume directories onmagtapes as on disks or

BACKUPThe second number indicates how many sections a saveset file isdivided into. For example, a 1/1 for saveset number information meansthe saveset i

BACKUPIf you do not specify a saveset name, you have two possibilities:• On a random-access device, BUP looks for the saveset BACKUP.BUP.• On a tape,

BACKUPUsing the /FILE option with both the /RESTORE and /DEVICE options(/RESTORE/DEVICE/FILE) is equivalent to using the /RESTORE option byitself. Thi

IndexFigures1–1 Sequence of Actions for DCL Commands Involving Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–171 Savesets Containing Logical Dis

BACKUP— Scans the output volume for bad blocks, since backup volumes must notcontain bad blocks. If BUP finds no bad blocks, it displays the message:?B

BACKUP/OUTPUT:filespecUsed only with the /DIRECTORY option. The /OUTPUT:filespec option with the/DIRECTORY option stores a backup or logical-disk volume

BACKUPFor example, the following command restores to DU0 all the files in the savesetBACKUP.BUP on DU1:.BACKUP/RESTORE DU: DU1:1. Restoring complete sa

BACKUPof this procedure. See Figure 1 for a diagram of what happens when youback up a logical disk into a saveset.2. Restoring individual files from sa

BACKUP• Restoring a logical-disk file from a saveset containing several logical-diskfilesSee the preceding description of restoring individual files from

BACKUPIf you do not specify a saveset name:• On a random-access device, BUP looks for the saveset BACKUP.BUP. If BUPdoes not find such a name, BUP retu

BACKUPThe following command backs up all files on DU0 of type OBJ to a logicaldisk, OBJ.DSK on device DU1. The success of the operation is verified byin

BACKUPThe following example command displays on your terminal a directory of thelogical disk MYBACK.DSK on DU0:.BACKUP/DIRECTORY DU0:MYBACK.DSK/SUBSET

BACKUPFor each volume that is backed up, /VERIFY validates that volume in aseparate pass immediately after the data is backed up to that volume. The/V

BOOT(DUP)Directs a new monitor to take control of the operating system, or reads into memorya new copy of the monitor that is currently controlling th

BOOT• Monitor-file bootstrapThe monitor-file (software) bootstrap operation gives control of the operatingsystem to the monitor whose bootstrap code is

BOOTThe following sample command boots an MSCP diskette:.BOOT/WAIT DU1:Mount input volume in DU1:; Continue? YRT–11 Command Descriptions 29

CLOSE(KMON)Closes and makes permanent all output files that are currently open in thebackground job.FormatCLOSEDescriptionThe CLOSE command accepts no

COMPILE(DIBOL, FORTRA, F–77, F77XM, MACRO, and CREF)Invokes the appropriate language processor to compile the files you specify.FormatCOMPILE filespec[s

COMPILECommand Options Filespec Options/MACRO/CROSSREFERENCE[:type[:type...]]/DISABLE:type[:type...]/ENABLE:type[:type...]/[NO]SHOW:type[:type...]Para

COMPILE• Specify a language-name option, such as /MACRO, which invokes the MACROassembler. Since there are two FORTRAN compilers, see the next section

COMPILErange for this value is from -1 to 65527. A value of -1 is a special case that createsthe largest file possible on the device./ALPHABETIZEAlphab

COMPILEthe type arguments and their meanings. See the PDP–11 MACRO–11 LanguageReference Manual for a description of the directive and a list of all va

COMPILEMACRO programs. In the example below, the two files A.FOR and B.FOR arecompiled together, producing B.OBJ and B.LST.The MACRO assembler assemble

COMPILE.COMPILE/DIBOL A+B/LIST:DU1:• If you specify a file name on a /LIST option following a file specification inthe command line, it has the same mean

PrefaceDocument StructureThis manual is divided into the following two parts:• Part I, Using RT–11 Commands, describes how to use the RT–11 commandlan

COMPILE/NOOBJECT suppresses the creation of an object file. As a command option,/NOOBJECT suppresses all object files; as a file option, it suppresses on

COMPILEtable listing the MACRO type arguments. The PDP–11 MACRO–11 LanguageReference Manual explains how to use these directives./NOSHOW:type, used wi

COMPILE/[NO]WARNINGS(DIBOL, FORTRAN IV, or FORTRAN–77) /WARNINGS includes warningmessages in DIBOL or FORTRAN compiler diagnostic error messages. Thes

COPY(PIP, DUP, and FILEX)Transfers:• One file to another file• A number of files to a single file by concatenation• Files from a large volume to several s

COPYCOPY Device OperationsCommand Options Input-File Options Output-File Options/BOOT[:dev]/WAIT/DEVICE/FILES/WAIT/END:value/START:value/ALLOCATE:size

COPYProtection FeaturesNote that because of the file protection feature, you cannot execute any COPYoperations that result in the deletion of a protect

COPYwhere:dd specifies the day (a decimal integer in the range 1–31).mmm specifies the first three characters of the name of the month.yy specifies the ye

COPY/BEFORE[:date]Copies all files on a device created before a specified date. The following commandcopies only those MAC files on DK created before Feb

COPY2. Copy the system files you need onto the volume, using the COPY/SYSTEMor SQUEEZE/OUTPUT command.3. Write the monitor bootstrap onto the volume, u

COPY/DELETEDeletes the input file after it has been copied. The COPY/DELETE operationdoes not ask you for confirmation before it executes. You must use